Jelen „zpoza drátů“

Jeleni se zajímavým nebo raritním parožím bývají vždy tématem vášnivých debat a obdivných pohledů. Jeden takový jelen žil před více než 30 roky na šumavském Prášilsku…

Příčinou vzniku nestandardních trofejí bývá nejčastěji staré zhojené zranění na těle jelena, v menší míře mohou vzniknout následkem vysokého stáří či špatného zdravotního stavu a někdy také mechanickým poškozením parohu v době jeho růstu. Takové paroží nosí jeleni, o kterých většinou nic nevíme a jejichž ulovení bývá velmi často dílem štěstí a náhody. Tvorba atypického paroží u jelenů nebývá tak obvyklá, jak to můžeme vídat například u srnců, a pokud se někde takový jelen uloví, fotografie jeho trofeje plní rozličná myslivecká fóra a e mailové schránky. Někdy bohužel v pozicích a prostředí, které nejsou ani úlovku, ani trofeje hodny. Zatímco v dnešní době moderních technologií je fotografování dostupné všem, v minulosti tomu tak nebylo a fotografie trofejí nebo vývojových řad paroží vznikaly sporadicky.

Paroží jelena nalezeného v předjaří roku 1984.

Výjimky se naštěstí stávají a díky fotoarchivu Ing. Jana Šťastného, bývalého vedoucího Lesní správy Prášily (Vojenské lesy a statky Sušice), se mi povedlo poskládat část vývojové řady paroží zajímavého jelena (obr. 1–5). Lebku s parožím jsem následně získal z pozůstalosti dlouholetého prášilského lesníka Karla Žlábka díky vstřícnosti a ochotě jeho rodiny. Jelenovi, jemuž budu věnovat pozornost v následujících řádcích, říkejme třeba „náš jelen“. Abych mohl přiblížit jeho osud, musím se vrátit v čase trochu do historie, přesněji řečeno do 70. let a na začátek 80. let minulého století.

Počátkem 70. let minulého století byl v oblasti Prášil postupně budován signální plot na ochranu státní hranice, takzvaný ženijně technický zátaras (ŽTZ). Nahrazoval elektrické zařízení k ochraně hranic, které bylo postaveno v 50. letech v blízkosti státní hranice a v němž bylo pro zvýšení účinnosti několik vodičů napojených na transformátor zajišťující napětí 2000–6000 V (tzv. EZOH). Nově budovaný ŽTZ byl posunut více do vnitrozemí a plnil již pouze funkci ochrannou a signální. Na Prášilsku byl dokončen na podzim roku 1974, čímž vznikla umělá bariéra, která zabránila přirozené migraci jelení zvěře vracející se z hraničních hřebenů na svá zimoviště v nižších polohách Šumavy. Zvěř tak byla nucena stahovat se v zimním období do nejníže položených míst za ŽTZ, kde byla zřizována krmná zařízení. Z vyprávění pamětníků je zřejmé, že zimy v uvedených letech byly velmi tuhé, s vysokou sněhovou pokrývkou, a zvěř soustředěná za ŽTZ byla vystavena zkoušce, na niž nebyla připravena. Stávalo se, že ze sena dovezeného v průběhu dne do krmného zařízení nezbylo do následujícího rána nic. Kvůli nenadálým okolnostem na sebe nenechaly dlouho čekat úhyny zesláblých kusů. Šlo v první řadě o kolouchy, ale následně i o některé jeleny. Laně většinou přežívaly. V pamětní knize Lesní správy Prášily je z této doby doslovně zaznamenáno: „PS dokončila stavbu signálního zařízení v týlu státní hranice, čímž se projevily značné potíže při vstupu za ŽTZ na všech úsecích. Nedostatky se projevily v součinnosti s ČSLA při využívání vojenského výcvikového prostoru a hraničního pásma v lesnických činnostech a myslivosti. Začaly se objevovat škody zvěří a zvýšil se počet úhynů vysoké zvěře v zimních měsících.“ Našemu jelenovi byly v té době čtyři roky.

Jelení zvěř nedaleko krmného zařízení za ŽTZ (březen 1984).

Tak jako ostatní zvěř uzavřená za ŽTZ byl i náš jelen nucen trávit každou zimu u jednoho z krmných zařízení nedaleko Prášil. Na tom by koneckonců nebylo nic neobvyklého, výjimečným se ale postupem času, jak jelen stárnul, stávalo jeho paroží. Na obr. 1–5 je zachycen vývoj paroží tohoto jelena od roku 1979 až do roku 1983, a to přesto, že shozy nalezené za ŽTZ často zůstávaly v rukou příslušníků Pohraniční stráže. Ti měli – na rozdíl od zaměstnanců lesní správy – přístup za signální plot jednodušší. Osud našeho jelena se uzavřel v předjaří roku 1984, kdy byl nalezen uhynulý. Bylo mu 14 let (zjištěno výbrusem stoliček z horní čelisti.

Po listopadových událostech roku 1989 došlo začátkem 90. let ke zrušení a odstranění ŽTZ a tím také k obnovení původních migračních tahů jelení zvěře do podhůří Šumavy. Jelenů bylo na Prášilsku za všechny ty roky uloveno mnoho, někteří dokonce s výjimečnými trofejemi. Náš jelen je ale bohužel jediný, který byl díky své neobvyklé trofeji a nedobrovolnému způsobu zimování fotograficky zdokumentován.

Všechny shozy nalezené od roku 1979 do roku 1983.

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